Movement Foundations Module 2

What kind of bone is the patella, and why does it exist in this form?

A flat bone, protecting the organs beneath it An irregular bone, shaped to stack with its neighbours A sesamoid bone, forming inside a tendon to protect the knee joint and improve mechanical efficiency A short bone, built for shock absorption

Which part of a long bone forms the wider, rounded portion at each end, where it meets a neighbouring bone at a joint?

Epiphysis Periosteum Diaphysis Medullary cavity

What roles do osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes play in bone?

Osteoblasts build new bone, osteoclasts break old bone down, and osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone and sense mechanical load Osteoblasts break down old bone; osteoclasts build new bone; osteocytes store minerals only All three cell types perform an identical function Osteocytes are only present in cartilage, not bone

What distinguishes osteopenia from osteoporosis?

They are unrelated conditions with no shared cause Osteoporosis always precedes osteopenia Osteopenia only affects children Osteopenia is a lesser degree of bone density loss, often an earlier stage on the same trajectory as osteoporosis

What does current evidence show about the effect of regular Pilates on bone mineral density?

It reliably increases bone density in all populations It only affects bone density in younger clients It has no musculoskeletal benefit of any kind Evidence that Pilates alone significantly increases bone density is limited; weight-bearing and resistance loading are more established for bone health

Which type of synovial joint allows the greatest range of movement, and where is it found?

Hinge joint, found at the elbow Ball and socket joint, found at the hip and shoulder Pivot joint, found between the first two vertebrae Saddle joint, found at the base of the thumb

Which muscle type lines the walls of blood vessels and many hollow organs, contracts involuntarily, and generally contracts more slowly than skeletal muscle?

Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Fascial muscle

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Somatic and autonomic Sympathetic and parasympathetic Central and peripheral Afferent and efferent

What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?

They perform an identical function The sympathetic branch activates the body, fight or flight; the parasympathetic branch calms it, rest and digest The sympathetic branch only controls digestion The parasympathetic branch raises heart rate

What is the role of the myelin sheath, and what forms it?

It insulates axons and enables faster saltatory conduction between nodes of Ranvier; Schwann cells form it in the peripheral nervous system, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system It slows nerve signal transmission and is formed by the cell body It has no effect on signal speed It only exists in the autonomic nervous system

A client’s form breaks down under fatigue, even though they are strong enough to complete the movement. What does this most likely reflect?

A structural problem with the muscle itself A coordination and control problem, the nervous system struggling to organise the right muscles at the right moment A sign the client should stop exercising permanently Nothing, fatigue never affects coordination

Anatomy Basics — Systems of the Body

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